Title: List of Cognitive Biases and Fallacies
Tags: fallacies logic biases

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Bandwagon effect
Back: the tendency to do (or believe) things because many other people do (or believe) the same. Related to groupthink and herd behaviour.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Base rate fallacy
Back: ignoring available statistical data in favor of particulars.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Bias blind spot
Back: the tendency not to compensate for one's own cognitive biases.
Forward: y

Front: memory bias: Choice-supportive bias
Back: the tendency to remember one's choices as better than they actually were.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Confirmation bias
Back: the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preconceptions.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Congruence bias
Back: the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, in contrast to tests of possible alternative hypotheses.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Contrast effect
Back: the enhancement or diminishing of a weight or other measurement when compared with a recently observed object.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Déformation professionnelle
Back: the tendency to look at things according to the conventions of one's own profession, forgetting any broader point of view.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Denomination effect
Back: the tendency to spend more money when it is denominated in small amounts (e.g. coins) than large amounts (e.g. bills).
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Distinction bias
Back: the tendency to view two options as more dissimilar when evaluating them simultaneously than when evaluating them separately.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Endowment effect
Back: the fact that people often demand much more to give up an object than they would be willing to pay to acquire it.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Experimenter's or Expectation bias
Back: the tendency for experimenters to believe, certify, and publish data that agree with their expectations for the outcome of an experiment.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Extraordinarity bias
Back: valuing an object more due to an exceptional feature that does not, in itself, change the value.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Focusing effect
Back: prediction bias: when too much importance is placed on one aspect of an event
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Hyperbolic discounting
Back: People prefer immediate payoffs to delayed payoffs, with increasing tendency the nearer both payoffs are.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Illusion of control
Back: the tendency for human beings to believe they can control or at least influence outcomes that they clearly cannot.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Impact bias
Back: the tendency for people to overestimate the length or the intensity of the impact of future feeling states.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Information bias
Back: the tendency to seek information even when it cannot affect action.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Interloper effect
Back: the tendency to value third party consultation as objective, confirming, and without motive.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Irrational escalation
Back: the tendency to make irrational decisions based upon rational decisions in the past or to justify actions already taken.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Just-world phenomenon
Back: Blaming the victim.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Loss aversion
Back: when the disutility of giving up an object is greater than the utility associated with acquiring it.
(see also sunk cost effects and Endowment effect).
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Mere exposure effect
Back: the tendency for people to express undue liking for things just because they are familiar with them.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Money illusion
Back: the tendency of people to concentrate on the nominal (face value) of money rather than its value in terms of purchasing power.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Moral credential effect
Back: the tendency of a track record of non-prejudice to increase subsequent prejudice.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Need for Closure
Back: the need to reach a verdict in important matters; to have an answer and to escape the feeling of doubt and uncertainty. The personal context (time or social pressure) might increase this bias.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Negativity bias
Back: phenomenon by which humans pay more attention to and give more weight to negative than positive experiences or other kinds of information.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Neglect of probability
Back: the tendency to completely disregard probability when making a decision under uncertainty.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Normalcy bias
Back: the refusal to plan for, or react to, a disaster which has never happened before.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Not Invented Here
Back: the tendency to ignore that a product or solution already exists, because its source is seen as an "enemy" or as "inferior".
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Omission bias
Back: the tendency to judge harmful actions as worse, or less moral, than equally harmful omissions (inactions).
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Outcome bias
Back: the tendency to judge a decision by its eventual outcome instead of based on the quality of the decision at the time it was made.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Planning fallacy
Back: the tendency to underestimate task-completion times.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Post-purchase rationalization
Back: the tendency to persuade oneself through rational argument that a purchase was a good value.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Pseudocertainty effect
Back: risk-averse choices if outcome is positive
risk-seeking choices to avoid negative outcomes.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Reactance
Back: the urge to do the opposite of what someone wants you to do out of a need to resist a perceived attempt to constrain your freedom of choice.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Restraint bias
Back: the tendency to overestimate one's ability to resist temptation.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Selective perception
Back: the tendency for expectations to affect perception.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Semmelweis reflex
Back: the tendency to reject new evidence that contradicts an established paradigm.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Status quo bias
Back: the tendency for people to like things to stay relatively the same.
(see also loss aversion, endowment effect, and system justification)
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Von Restorff effect
Back: the tendency for an item that "stands out like a sore thumb" to be more likely to be remembered than other items.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Wishful thinking
Back: the formation of beliefs and the making of decisions according to what is pleasing to imagine instead of by appeal to evidence or rationality.
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Zero-risk bias
Back: preference for reducing a small risk to zero over a greater reduction in a larger risk.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Ambiguity effect
Back: the avoidance of options for which missing information makes the probability seem "unknown".
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Anchoring effect
Back: the tendency to rely too heavily on a past reference or on one trait or piece of information when making decisions (also called "insufficient adjustment").
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Attentional bias
Back: neglect of relevant data when making judgments of a correlation or association.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Authority bias
Back: the tendency to value an ambiguous stimulus (e.g., an art performance) according to the opinion of someone who is seen as an authority on the topic.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Availability cascade
Back: "repeat something long enough and it will become true"
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Belief bias
Back: an effect where someone's evaluation of the logical strength of an argument is biased by the believability of the conclusion.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Clustering illusion
Back: the tendency to see patterns where actually none exist. (pareidolia)
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Capability bias
Back: The tendency to believe that the closer average performance is to a target, the tighter the distribution of the data set.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Conjunction fallacy
Back: the tendency to assume that specific conditions are more probable than general ones.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Disposition effect
Back: the tendency to sell assets that have increased in value but hold assets that have decreased in value.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Gambler's fallacy
Back: the tendency to think that future probabilities are altered by independent past events
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Hawthorne effect
Back: the tendency of people to perform or perceive differently when they know that they are being observed.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Hindsight bias
Back: sometimes called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect, the inclination to see past events as being predictable.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Illusory correlation
Back: beliefs that inaccurately suppose a relationship between a certain type of action and an effect.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Ludic fallacy
Back: the analysis of chance-related problems according to the belief that the unstructured randomness found in life resembles the structured randomness found in games, ignoring the non-gaussian distribution of many real-world results.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Neglect of prior base rates effect
Back: the tendency to neglect known odds when reevaluating odds in light of weak evidence.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Observer-expectancy effect
Back: when a researcher expects a given result and unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Optimism bias
Back: the systematic tendency to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Ostrich effect
Back: ignoring an obvious (negative) situation.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Overconfidence effect
Back: excessive confidence in one's own answers to questions. For example, for certain types of question, answers that people rate as "99% certain" turn out to be wrong 40% of the time.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Positive outcome bias
Back: prediction: overestimating the probability of good things happening.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Pareidolia
Back: Interpreting noise as significant
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Primacy effect
Back: the tendency to weigh initial events more than subsequent events.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Recency effect
Back: the tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Disregard of regression toward the mean
Back: the tendency to expect extreme performance to continue.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Selection bias
Back: a distortion of evidence or data that arises from the way that the data are collected.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Stereotyping
Back: expecting a member of a group to have certain characteristics without having actual information about that individual.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Subadditivity effect
Back: the tendency to judge probability of the whole to be less than the probabilities of the parts.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Subjective validation
Back: perception that something is true because a belief demands it to be true,
e.g. belief in psychic powers
assigning perceived connections between coincidences.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Telescoping effect
Back: the effect that recent events appear to have occurred more remotely and remote events appear to have occurred more recently.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Texas sharpshooter fallacy
Back: the fallacy of selecting or adjusting a hypothesis after the data is collected, making it impossible to test the hypothesis fairly.
Forward: y

Front: Biases in probability and belief: Well travelled road effect
Back: underestimation of the duration taken to traverse oft-travelled routes and over-estimate the duration taken to traverse less familiar routes.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Egocentric bias
Back: occurs when people claim more responsibility for themselves for the results of a joint action than an outside observer would.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Forer effect (aka Barnum Effect)
Back: Perceiving vague personality qualifiers as highly accurate
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: False consensus effect
Back: the tendency for people to overestimate the degree to which others agree with them.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Fundamental attribution error
Back: The tendency to explain other's behavior dispositionally and ignore situational factors.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Halo effect
Back: the tendency for a person's positive or negative traits to "spill over" from one area of their personality to another in others' perceptions of them (see also physical attractiveness stereotype).
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Herd instinct
Back: Common tendency to adopt the opinions and follow the behaviors of the majority to feel safer and to avoid conflict.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Illusion of asymmetric insight
Back: people perceive their knowledge of their peers to surpass their peers' knowledge of them.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Illusion of transparency
Back: people overestimate others' ability to know them, and they also overestimate their ability to know others.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Illusory superiority
Back: overestimating one's desirable qualities, and underestimating undesirable qualities
AKA "Lake Wobegon effect"
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Ingroup bias
Back: the tendency for people to give preferential treatment to others they perceive to be members of their own groups.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Just-world phenomenon
Back: the belief that people "get what they deserve."
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Notational bias
Back: a form of cultural bias in which the notational conventions of recording data biases the appearance of that data toward (or away from) the system upon which the notational schema is based.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Outgroup homogeneity bias
Back: individuals see members of their own group as being relatively more varied than members of other groups.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Projection bias
Back: the tendency to unconsciously assume that others share the same or similar thoughts, beliefs, values, or positions.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Self-serving bias (also called "behavioral confirmation effect")
Back: the tendency to claim more responsibility for successes than failures.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Self-fulfilling prophecy
Back: the tendency to engage in behaviors that elicit results which will (consciously or not) confirm existing attitudes.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: System justification
Back: the tendency to defend and bolster the status quo.
Forward: y

Front: Social bias: Trait ascription bias
Back: the tendency for people to view themselves as relatively variable in terms of personality, behavior and mood while viewing others as much more predictable.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Consistency bias
Back: incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias:: Cryptomnesia
Back: where a memory is mistaken for imagination.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Egocentric bias
Back: recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g. remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as being bigger than it was
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias:  False memory
Back: confusion of imagination with memory, or the dismissal of true memories.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Hindsight bias
Back: filtering memory of past events through present knowledge, so that those events look more predictable than they actually were.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Reminiscence bump
Back: the effect that people tend to recall more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than from other lifetime periods.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Rosy retrospection
Back: the tendency to rate past events more positively than they had actually rated them when the event occurred.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Self-serving bias
Back: perceiving oneself responsible for desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.
Forward: y

Front: Memory bias: Suggestibility
Back: a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory
Forward: y

Front: decision-making or behavioral bias: Framing
Back: Using an approach or description of the situation or issue that is too narrow.
Forward: y

Front: Ultimate attribution error
Back: a person is likely to make an internal attribution to an entire group instead of the individuals within the group.
see also: representative heuristic
Forward: y

Front: Ad hominem
Back: an argument that attacks the person who holds a view or advances an argument, rather than commenting on the view or responding to the argument.
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to Law
Back: an argument which implies that legislation is a moral imperative.
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to possibility
Back: assumes that because something could happen, it is inevitable that it will happen.
eg Murphy's Law
Forward: y

Front: Argument from fallacy
Back: if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion is fallacious.
Forward: y

Front: Bare assertion fallacy
Back: premise in an argument is assumed to be true purely because it says that it is true.
Forward: y

Front: Base rate fallacy
Back: using weak evidence to make a probability judgment without taking into account known empirical statistics about the probability.
Forward: y

Front: Conjunction fallacy
Back: assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them.
Forward: y

Front: Denying the correlative
Back: Attempting to introduce alternatives where there are none.
e.g. All apples are either green or not, but what about apples that are both green and red?
Forward: y

Front: Suppressed correlative
Back: where a correlative is redefined so that one alternative is made impossible.
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of necessity
Back: a degree of unwarranted inevitability is placed in the conclusion based on the inevitability of its premises.
Forward: y

Front: False dilemma (false dichotomy)
Back: where two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options, when in reality there are more.
Forward: y

Front: If-by-whiskey
Back: An argument that supports both sides of an issue by using terms that are selectively emotionally sensitive.
Forward: y

Front: Ignoratio elenchi
Back: An irrelevant conclusion or irrelevant thesis.
Forward: y

Front: Is-ought problem
Back: because something is one way, it should be.
Forward: y

Front: Homunculus fallacy
Back: where a "middle-man" is used for explanation, this usually leads to regressive middle-man.
Forward: y

Front: Masked man fallacy
Back: the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one.
Forward: y

Front: Naturalistic fallacy
Back: a fallacy that claims that if something is natural, then it is good or right.
Forward: y

Front: Nirvana fallacy
Back: when solutions to problems are said not to be right because they are not perfect.
Forward: y

Front: Negative proof fallacy
Back: Claiming that
"No proof against X --> X is true"
or vice versa
Forward: y

Front: Package-deal fallacy
Back: consists of assuming that things often grouped together by tradition or culture must always be grouped that way.
Forward: y

Front: Red Herring
Back: also called a "fallacy of relevance." This occurs when the speaker is trying to distract the audience by arguing some new topic, or just generally going off topic with an argument.
Forward: y

Front: Affirming a disjunct
Back: A or B; A; therefore not B.
Forward: y

Front: Affirming the consequent
Back: if A, then B; B, therefore A.
Forward: y

Front: Denying the antecedent
Back: if A, then B; not A, therefore not B.
Forward: y

Front: Existential fallacy
Back: an argument has two universal premises and a particular conclusion, but the premises do not establish the truth of the conclusion, because the subject may not exist.
Forward: y

Front: Proof by example
Back: inductive proof for a universal proposition. ("This apple is red, therefore all apples are red.")
Forward: y

Front: Quantifier shift
Back: Everybody has something to believe in. Therefore, there is something that everybody believes in.
Forward: y

Front: Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
Back: No fish are dogs, and no dogs can fly, therefore all fish can fly.
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of exclusive premises
Back: a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative.
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of four terms
Back: Nothing is better than eternal happiness, and a ham sandwich is better than nothing, so a ham sandwich is better than eternal happiness.
Forward: y

Front: Illicit major
Back: a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is undistributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. e.g. All dogs are mammals. No cats are dogs. Therefore, no cats are mammals.
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of the undistributed middle
Back: All students carry backpacks. My grandfather carries a backpack. Therefore, my grandfather is a student.

Front: Argument from repetition (argumentum ad nauseam)
Back: signifies that it has been discussed extensibly until nobody cares to discuss it anymore
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to ridicule
Back: a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by presenting the opponent's argument in a way that makes it appear ridiculous
Forward: y

Front: Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance)
Back: Assuming that something is true/false because it has not been proven false/true.
e.g. "The student has failed to prove that he didn't cheat on the test, therefore he must have cheated on the test."
Forward: y

Front: Circular cause and consequence
Back: where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause
Forward: y

Front: Continuum fallacy (fallacy of the beard)
Back: claiming that two conditions along a continuum are identical
Forward: y

Front: latin for: Correlation does not imply causation
Back: cum hoc ergo propter hoc
Forward: y

Front: Demanding negative proof
Back: attempting to avoid the burden of proof for some claim by demanding proof of the contrary from whoever questions that claim
Forward: y

Front: Equivocation (No true Scotsman)
Back: the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time)
Forward: y

Front: Etymological fallacy
Back: which reasons that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning.
Forward: y

Front: fallacy of division
Back: where one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts
Forward: y

Front: Ecological fallacy
Back: inferences about individuals based solely upon statistics of the group
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of many questions
Back: Name: Asking loaded questions
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy of the single cause ("joint effect", or "causal oversimplification")
Back: assuming that there is one simple cause of an outcome.
Forward: y

Front: False attribution
Back: occurs when an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument
Forward: y

Front: contextomy
Back: name: Quoting someone out of context
Forward: y

Front: False compromise/middle ground
Back: asserts that a compromise between two positions is correct
Forward: y

Front: Gambler's fallacy
Back: the incorrect belief that the likelihood of a random event can be affected by or predicted from other, independent events
Forward: y

Front: Historian's fallacy
Back: occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.
Forward: y

Front: Incomplete comparison
Back: where not enough information is provided to make a comparison,
e.g. "product x is better than y" instead of "x sells for a lower price than y".
Forward: y

Front: Inconsistent comparison
Back: where different methods of comparison are used, leaving one with a false impression of the whole comparison
Forward: y

Front: Intentional fallacy
Back: the assumption that the meaning intended by the author of a literary work is of primary importance
Forward: y

Front: Loki's Wager
Back: the unreasonable insistence that a concept cannot be defined, and therefore cannot be discussed.
Forward: y

Front: Moving the goalpost (raising the bar)
Back: argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded
Forward: y

Front: Perfect solution fallacy
Back: assuming that a perfect solution exists or rejecting an incomplete solution
Forward: y

Front: Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Back: also known as false cause, coincidental correlation or correlation not causation.
Forward: y

Front: Proof by verbosity
Back: submission to an argument too complex and verbose to reasonably deal with in all its details.
Forward: y

Front: Prosecutor's fallacy
Back: a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found
Forward: y

Front: Psychologist's fallacy
Back: occurs when an observer presupposes the objectivity of his own perspective when analyzing a behavioral event
Forward: y

Front: Regression fallacy
Back: When regression to the mean is mistaken for cause and effect
Forward: y

Front: Reification (hypostatization)
Back: a fallacy of ambiguity, when an idea is treated as a real thing
Forward: y

Front: Retrospective determinism
Back: it happened, so it was bound to.
Forward: y

Front: Special pleading
Back: where a proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption
Forward: y

Front: Well travelled road effect
Back: estimates of elapsed time is shorter for familiar routes as compared to unfamiliar routes which are of equal or lesser duration.
Forward: y

Front: Wrong direction fallacy
Back: where cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa.
Forward: y

Front: Accident (fallacy)
Back: when an exception to the generalization is ignored.
Forward: y

Front: No True Scotsman
Back: when a generalization is made true only when a counterexample is ruled out on shaky grounds.
Forward: y

Front: Cherry picking
Back: act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position
Forward: y

Front: Fallacy: Composition
Back: where one infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some (or even every) part of the whole
Forward: y

Front: Converse accident
Back: when an exception to a generalization is wrongly called for
Forward: y

Front: False analogy
Back: consists of an error in the substance of an argument (the content of the analogy itself), not an error in the logical structure of the argument
Forward: y

Front: Misleading vividness
Back: involves describing an occurrence in great detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem
Forward: y

Front: Overwhelming exception
Back: An accurate generalization with such large exceptions so that it is much less impressive than the initial statement.
Forward: y

Front: Pathetic fallacy
Back: when an inanimate object is declared to have characteristics of animate objects
Forward: y

Front: Spotlight fallacy
Back: when a person uncritically assumes that all members or cases of a certain class or type are like those that receive the most attention or coverage in the media
Forward: y

Front: Thought-terminating cliché
Back: a commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance. E.g. "drugs are bad"
Forward: y

Front: Argumentum ad baculum (literally "appeal to the stick" or "appeal to force")
Back: where an argument is made through coercion or threats of force towards an opposing party
Forward: y

Front: Argumentum ad populum ("appeal to belief", "appeal to the majority", "appeal to the people")
Back: where a proposition is claimed to be true solely because many people believe it to be true
Forward: y

Front: Association fallacy
Back: name: guilt by association
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to authority
Back: where an assertion is deemed true because of the reputation of the person asserting it
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to consequences
Back: Judging a premise based on its results
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to emotion
Back: where an argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to fear
Back: a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by increasing fear and prejudice towards the opposing side
Forward: y

Front: Wishful thinking
Back: a specific type of appeal to emotion where a decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to spite
Back: a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made through exploiting people's bitterness towards an opposing party
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to flattery
Back: a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made due to the use of flattery to gather support
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to motive
Back: dismissing a premise by calling into question the desires of the proposer
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to nature
Back: an *argument* wherein something is deemed correct or good if it is natural, and is deemed incorrect or bad if it is unnatural
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to novelty
Back: where a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad lazarum)
Back: thinking the conclusion is effected by a party's poor financial situation.
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to wealth (argumentum ad crumenam)
Back: concluding that a statement's truth value is affected by a party's financial situation.
Forward: y

Front: Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio)
Back: a conclusion based on lack of contrary evidence
Forward: y

Front: Appeal to tradition
Back: where a thesis is deemed correct on the basis that it has a long-standing tradition behind it
Forward: y

Front: Chronological snobbery
Back: where a thesis is deemed incorrect because it was commonly held when something else, clearly false, was also commonly held
Forward: y

Front: Genetic fallacy
Back: Emphasizing someone's origin rather than its current meaning or context.
This overlooks any difference to be found in the present situation, typically transferring the positive or negative esteem from the earlier context.
Forward: y

Front: Judgmental language
Back: insultive or pejorative language to influence the recipient's judgment
Forward: y

Front: Poisoning the well
Back: where adverse information about a target is pre-emptively presented to an audience, with the intention of discrediting or ridiculing everything that the target person is about to say
Forward: y

Front: Sentimental fallacy
Back: it would be more pleasant if; therefore it ought to be; therefore - it is
Forward: y

Front: Straw man argument
Back: based on misrepresentation of an opponent's position
Forward: y

Front: Style over substance fallacy
Back: emphasizing the way in which the argument is presented while marginalizing the content of the argument
Forward: y

Front: Two wrongs make a right
Back: occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out
Forward: y

Front: Tu quoque
Back: the argument states that a certain position is false or wrong and/or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position
Forward: y

Front: Luddite fallacy
Back: related to the belief that labour-saving technologies increase unemployment by reducing demand for labour
Forward: y

Front: Broken window fallacy
Back: an argument which disregards hidden costs associated with destroying property of others.
Forward: y

Front: Slippery slope
Back: argument states that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact
Forward: y

Front: Origin of the phrase "Semmelweis reflex"
Back: A doctor who was outcast because he advocated hand washing in hospitals
Forward: y